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Campi Flegrei is one of the world’s 20 supervolcanoes near Italy's Naples. Those who reside in the town of Pozzuoli, at the foot of this supervolcano, have experienced 1,000 minor earthquakes in the last few months, and are afraid that it may erupt again after over five centuries
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Indonesian authorities on Monday halted the search for 12 climbers after Mount Marapi volcano erupted again, unleashing a new burst of hot ash as high as 2,620 feet into the air, officials said.
The bodies of 11 climbers were recovered earlier in the day − while searching for those missing − but attempts to relocate them were hindered by the renewed activity, West Sumatra’s Search and Rescue Agency head Abdul Malik said. The search operation would resume once conditions improved, he added.
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Marapi initially erupted on Sunday spewing clouds of hot ash.
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... After a few quieter weeks, another swarm of tremors shook the area on November 23, prompting media to again speculate about the likelihood of magma rising to the surface.
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Tension among residents has remained high because scientists don’t know for sure what’s going on under the surface. The scientific community agrees that the tremors and uplift are signs that the volcano is awakening. But they are struggling to rectify two competing explanations for the bulging ground that have been debated for decades, leaving residents and researchers uneasy. An answer to the geological mystery could bring scientists much closer to determining how likely the volcano is to blow. It could also provide geologists worldwide with warning signs they could look for when other big volcanoes start rumbling, especially supervolcanoes such as Yellowstone in the northwestern U.S., Toba in Indonesia and the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile.
One model—let’s call it the shallow magma model—posits that the seismicity and bulging are caused by magma pushing to break through the surface, making an explosive eruption, with violent magma outflow highly likely in the near term. Alternatively, in the hot fluids model, steam and hot gases released by magma located deeper underground are to blame. In that case, the ongoing seismic activity could stop abruptly or peak in a phreatic eruption—the volcano would spurt out hot liquids, gases and rock fragments instead of lava. This would pose a lesser threat, although it would still be a lethal one because so many people live close by.
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The volcano, known as Phlegrean Fields in English, comprises two dozen craters and other structures in an area 14 kilometers across. One third of it lies under the Tyrrhenian Sea, between the Italian mainland and the country’s island of Sardinia. The volcano has been active for at least 80,000 years. Its caldera—the depression created when emptying magma chambers cause the roof of a volcano to collapse—formed after two violent eruptions 39,000 and 15,000 years ago. The older one caused a volcanic winter in areas within 100 km, sent ash as far away as Russia and abruptly cooled the climate around the world.
After its most recent eruption in 1538 the volcano went quiet. By now, “any previous connection between the molten rock underground and the surface has been sealed up,” says Christopher Kilburn, a volcanology and geophysical hazards professor at University College London. As a result, the crust serves as a barrier, and Kilburn says that before another eruption can take place, the crust has to be ruptured, creating a new pathway for lava or fluids to breach.
Scientists think that has been happening since Campi Flegrei awakened in the 1950s. ...
Iceland has been rocked by 180 earthquakes in the last 48 hours in areas both near and far from the town of Grindavik, the Icelandic Met Office has reported.
The magnitude of the earthquakes ranged from 0.7 to 2.4, with the highest magnitude quake striking on Monday morning.
It comes as the country’s Met Office has said that while seismic activity is decreasing, the “unrest phase is not over”.
“The process which began on 25 October with a significant seismic swarm and peaked on 10 November with the formation of a 15 km long magmatic dike is not over.
“With certainty it can be stated that a phase has started where a similar sequence of events might repeat in time.”
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A massive volcano eruption in Iceland has triggered a warning from government officials that toxic gas is venting from a 2 1/2-mile-long fissure, but earlier predictions that the pollution could reach the capital have dissipated.
Growing fears of the toxic plume on the Reykjanes Peninsula where the volcanic activity is occurring prompted the Icelandic Meteorological Office to closely monitor wind directions and measurements of potentially dangerous particles spreading across the region.
Christopher Ham, a volcanologist at the University of Arizona, told ABC News that volcanic gas likely contains "a lot of very toxic material, especially sulfur."
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The volcanic activity in Sundhnúksgígar on the Reykjanes Peninsula appeared to be diminishing Wednesday, according to the Meteorological Office. New aerial images analyzed Wednesday showed that "currently two craters are erupting," down from five at the start of the event, officials said.
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