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Industrial Warfare Returns to the Sea
The Ukraine War has become a global proving ground for 21st-century warfare across all warfighting domains, including the maritime. Unmanned platforms, electronic warfare, and littoral operations define modern warfare. Yet, underpinning the Russian and Ukrainian drones and jammers lies a much more traditional dimension of conflict: industrial naval warfare.Disruptive technologies including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and unmanned platforms get all the attention. But naval warfare in the Black Sea is shaped by production rates, supply chains, and cost-exchange ratios. Industrial power—how much equipment can be built, how fast, and how cheaply—drives outcomes between Ukraine and Russia at sea. To understand the future of naval warfare, commanders, planners, and policymakers must reengage with the industrial foundations of sea power.
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