Y-12 SILVER PROGRAM

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Goldhedge

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Here's something you didn't know....

Y-12 SILVER PROGRAM​

C-shaped alpha calutron

(1942 - 1945)

Places > Oak Ridge: Clinton Engineer Works
The Silver Program provided silver conductor for use in the electromagnets of the Y-12 plant in place of copper that was not available due to war demands. At an S-1 Executive Committee-Army meeting on July 9, 1942, Ernest Lawrence noted that he would need several thousand tons of copper for magnet windings in a full-scale electromagnetic separation plant that could produce 100 grams of uranium-235 per day. Since copper was high on the list of critical war materials and might be impossible to obtain, Lawrence suggested that silver, a good electrical conductor and not on the critical materials list, might be used. Since the plant would probably be a temporary installation, Manhattan Engineer District (MED) officials decided to approach the Department of Treasury about borrowing a portion of the nation's large stocks of silver bullion. By the end of August, Colonel Kenneth D. Nichols, assistant district engineer of the MED, negotiated the transfer of about 6,000 tons of silver to the War Department. According to the agreement, the silver would remain in the U.S., be returned to the Treasury in five years, and be utilized in government-owned plants essential to the war effort. A subsequent agreement in 1943 raised the quantity of silver transferred to 14,700 tons, worth about $304 million.

Silver withdrawals from the U.S. Bullion Depository at West Point, New York, began October 30, 1942. The MED took control of the silver in 1,000-ounce bars at West Point and shipped the bars in special guarded trucks to a casting plant in Carteret, New Jersey, where U.S. Metals Refining Company employees counted, weighed, melted, and cast the silver as cylindrical billets. Shipped, again by rail under armed guard, to the Phelps Dodge Copper Products Company extrusion plant at Bayway, New Jersey, the billets were extruded and rolled into strips 5/8 inch thick, 3 inches wide, and about 40 feet long, which were then cooled, trimmed, and coiled. The coils went by rail freight to the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Shipments usually consisted of 6 sealed cars accompanied by not less than 3 armed guards in a special caboose. At the Allis-Chalmers plant, the silver was wound, suitably insulated, around the steel bobbin plates of the magnet coils. The completed magnet coils, welded inside sealed steel cases, were loaded on rail flat cars and securely blocked for shipment to the Clinton Engineer Works (Oak Ridge). No guard force was provided. Due to the perceived difficulty in accessing and making off with the silver, MED officials decided that better security would be achieved by sending unguarded units over different routes and time schedules.

Three shipments of silver strips were made directly to the Clinton Engineer Works from the Bayway plant. These were used to make the huge bus bars of solid silver, roughly a square foot in cross section and running around the top of the Y-12 racetracks. Fabrication took place in a restricted fabrication shop at Y-12. As the silver was needed, it was taken from a locked storage room, weighed, processed, re-weighed, and each piece stamped with an identification number. Armed guards accompanied the bus bar until it was permanently installed in the process buildings.

After the war, the Y-12 racetracks were dismantled and the silver returned to the U.S. Treasury. At the processing and fabrication facilities, workers under MED oversight disassembled and cleaned part by part the machines used, dismantled the melting furnaces, and swept and scoured all of the work areas. As a result, the MED could not account for only about one thirty-six thousandth of one percent of the borrowed silver. Most of this was unavoidable melt loss.


 
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